The encyclopedia
Dark Pattern

The Switcheroo

The effect

"You came for one thing. You're being sold another."

The method

Advertise a desirable product or price; make it conveniently unavailable, then steer the user toward a higher-margin alternative.

Black hat
9/10
Most common usage on the angel→devil scale
The ethics spectrum

Same hack. Three very different choices.

White hat

Don't — but honest 'sold out, here's similar' pages with no upsell pressure are fine.

Grey hat

Featured product is genuinely available but stocked thin so the upsell feels natural.

Black hat

Featured product was never meaningfully in stock; it exists to drive traffic to the upsell.

The template

A formula you can steal

If [ADVERTISED ITEM] sells out within [N] hours of every campaign — it's bait.
Spotted in the wild

Where you've already seen this

  • Black Friday TV doorbusters with three units per store.
  • Real estate listings priced 30% under market that are 'just under contract' on every call.
  • Job postings advertising senior roles, downgraded at the offer stage.
When to use it

Never as a sustainable tactic — the regulatory and review-site exposure is enormous.

When NOT to use it

Categories where customers can verify your stock or pricing in real time.

The 5-minute practice

Try the trick today

For every promoted item this quarter, check fulfillment data. If sell-through pattern is suspicious, fix the inventory or kill the promo.

Don't get hacked
Want to avoid this trick being run on you? Take the AI Marketing Course →

Free Marketing Hacked module included. See more cautionary tales and learn the playbook from the inside.

See it in action

9 teardowns use this trick

Fyre Festival — The Orange Square That Sold a Catastrophe
Social
Black
Fyre Festival — The Orange Square That Sold a Catastrophe

Billy McFarland and Ja Rule sold $26M of tickets to a festival that didn't exist using 400 influencers, one orange tile, and zero disclosure. The blueprint for every influencer scam since.

10/10
Live events / InfluencerReveal the trick →
Volkswagen 'Clean Diesel' — Marketing a Lie at Industrial Scale
Ad
Black
Volkswagen 'Clean Diesel' — Marketing a Lie at Industrial Scale

VW spent a decade telling the world its diesels were green while shipping software that cheated emissions tests. The marketing was the cover for the fraud — and it cost $33B+ in fines.

10/10
AutomotiveReveal the trick →
FTX — How Tom Brady, Gisele, and Larry David Sold a Ponzi
Ad
Black
FTX — How Tom Brady, Gisele, and Larry David Sold a Ponzi

Sam Bankman-Fried bought A-list reassurance to make a fraudulent exchange feel as safe as a checking account. The 'Don't miss out' Super Bowl spot is now Exhibit A in a class action.

10/10
Crypto / FintechReveal the trick →
Sunday Riley — When the Founder Tells Staff to Fake the Reviews
Social
Black
Sunday Riley — When the Founder Tells Staff to Fake the Reviews

A leaked internal email from founder Sunday Riley instructed employees to write fake five-star Sephora reviews — including how to use VPNs and dislike negative reviews. The FTC settled, the receipts went viral.

10/10
DTC / BeautyReveal the trick →
Wells Fargo — When 'Eight Is Great' Became Two Million Fake Accounts
Outbound
Black
Wells Fargo — When 'Eight Is Great' Became Two Million Fake Accounts

A sales-quota slogan, weaponized down through every branch, turned a marketing target into 3.5M unauthorized accounts and $7B in fines. Marketing didn't open the accounts — but marketing made the goal that did.

9/10
BankingReveal the trick →
BetterHelp — Selling 'Confidential Therapy' While Selling the Data
Onboarding
Black
BetterHelp — Selling 'Confidential Therapy' While Selling the Data

BetterHelp marketed clinical-grade confidentiality, then shared mental health intake data with Facebook, Snapchat, Pinterest, and Criteo for ad targeting. FTC fined $7.8M and banned the practice.

10/10
TelehealthReveal the trick →
Logan Paul's CryptoZoo — Pump, Dump, and a 12-Month Stall
Social
Black
Logan Paul's CryptoZoo — Pump, Dump, and a 12-Month Stall

An influencer with 23M YouTube subs sold an NFT 'game' that didn't exist, used scarcity hype to drive $2.5M+ in token sales, then blamed his developers for a year. Class action filed Feb 2023.

10/10
Crypto / InfluencerReveal the trick →
DraftKings & FanDuel — How '$1,000 Risk-Free' Wasn't Risk-Free
Ad
Black
DraftKings & FanDuel — How '$1,000 Risk-Free' Wasn't Risk-Free

Sportsbook ads promised 'risk-free' bets that returned site credit, not cash, with rollover requirements buried in 8-point type. NY AG forced rewording; multiple states now ban the phrase outright.

9/10
Sports bettingReveal the trick →
Epic Games / Fortnite — The $245M FTC Fine for One-Click Charges
Dark pattern
Black
Epic Games / Fortnite — The $245M FTC Fine for One-Click Charges

Fortnite's UI made it one tap to spend V-Bucks, near-impossible to refund, and trapped kids in 'unwanted purchases' confirm screens with no cancel. Largest FTC consumer refund in history.

10/10
GamingReveal the trick →